What does the Rare Earth Elements production data show?

Mineral-production figures describe where a commodity is extracted, which is not the same as where reserves lie or where value is ultimately captured. Production is concentrated in a handful of countries for most minerals, so a single nation can dominate global output while consumption and refining happen elsewhere, and that geographic concentration is itself a key strategic fact about supply-chain risk. Reported tonnages come from national geological surveys and industry returns and can be revised as new figures arrive, and they say nothing about ore grade, cost of extraction, or environmental footprint. Read the production ranking as a map of where the world currently mines this material, and pair it with reserves and trade data to understand the fuller picture of supply security.

Rare Earth Elements is classified by the U.S. Geological Survey as a critical mineral. A group of 17 metals essential for permanent magnets, wind turbines, electric motors, defense systems, and consumer electronics. China dominates global supply. Global mine production in 2023 was approximately 350,000 metric tons (REO content). 8 countries with reported production appear in the table above, covering essentially the full global mine supply.

China is the world's leading producer of Rare Earth Elements, accounting for roughly 69% of global mine output. The top three producers together control 92% of global supply and the top five hold 98%, making the market highly concentrated. Leading producers are China, United States, Myanmar, Australia, India. High concentration means prices and availability can move sharply on political events, export restrictions, or mine outages in one country, which is why these production shares sit at the heart of critical-minerals policy in the United States, the European Union, and Japan.

Import reliance figures help governments assess supply-chain exposure to foreign producers. Click any country in the production table to open its full country profile — population, GDP, development indicators, and the full set of minerals it produces — so you can see the broader economic context behind the production share. All figures on this page are USGS estimates for data year 2023, released in the 2024 Mineral Commodity Summaries, and they supersede earlier preliminary estimates.