What does the Graphite (Natural) production data show?

Graphite (Natural)-production figures describe where a strategically important input is extracted, which is not the same as where reserves lie or where the mineral is ultimately refined and used. These materials feed clean-energy, defense, and advanced-manufacturing supply chains, and governments track production geography closely because a shortage or export restriction in one country can ripple through entire downstream industries. Production of Graphite (Natural) is highly concentrated: China alone accounts for a large share of that output, so an export restriction or mine outage in the leading producer can move global availability quickly. Reported tonnages come from national geological surveys and industry returns and are revised as new figures arrive.

Graphite (Natural) is classified by the U.S. Geological Survey as a critical mineral. A key material for lithium-ion battery anodes, lubricants, refractories, and steelmaking. Demand is growing rapidly with EV battery production expansion. Global mine production in 2023 was approximately 3.8 Mt thousand metric tons. 6 countries with reported production appear in the table above, covering essentially the full global mine supply.

China is the world's leading producer of Graphite (Natural), accounting for roughly 84% of global mine output. The top three producers together control 93% of global supply and the top five hold 96%, making the market highly concentrated. Leading producers are China, Mozambique, Russia, Brazil, India. High concentration means prices and availability can move sharply on political events, export restrictions, or mine outages in one country, which is why these production shares sit at the heart of critical-minerals policy in the United States, the European Union, and Japan.

The United States imports approximately 100% of the Graphite (Natural) it consumes, a figure the USGS publishes as "net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption" and updates annually. Click any country in the production table to open its full country profile, population, GDP, development indicators, and the full set of minerals it produces, so you can see the broader economic context behind the production share. All figures on this page are USGS estimates for data year 2023, released in the 2024 Mineral Commodity Summaries, and they supersede earlier preliminary estimates.